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The objective of this research is to investigate the influence of interest in white hat capabilities, income levels, and perceptions of being apprehended on the willingness to violate privacy regulations as measured by the amount of money required to violate medical privacy. The research model was developed by drawing on the economics of crime literature, prospect theory and the emerging Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation Behavior model. This study involved 523 individuals on the cusp of entering the workforce, which places them all as potential insider hackers according to zero trust models of insider behavior. Despite many subjects believing there is a high probability of being caught, they could still be incentivized to violate HIPAA laws. Approximately 306 (or 58%) of the survey participants indicated a price, ranging from zero dollars to over $10 million, that they deemed acceptable for violating HIPAA laws. Income levels, white hat hacking capabilities, monetary incentives to commit a crime, and the perceived probability of being apprehended were statistically significant predictors of the amount of money required to violate HIPAA laws. 

The objective of this research is to investigate the influence of interest in white hat capabilities, income levels, and perceptions of being apprehended on the willingness to violate privacy regulations as measured by the amount of money required to violate medical privacy. The research model was developed by drawing on the economics of crime literature, prospect theory and the emerging Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation Behavior model. This study involved 523 individuals on the cusp of entering the workforce, which places them all as potential insider hackers according to zero trust models of insider behavior. Despite many subjects believing there is a high probability of being caught, they could still be incentivized to violate HIPAA laws. Approximately 222 (or 42%) of the survey participants indicated a price, ranging from zero dollars to over $10 million, that they deemed acceptable for violating HIPAA laws. Income levels, white hat hacking capabilities, monetary incentives to commit a crime, and the perceived probability of being apprehended were statistically significant predictors of the amount of money required to violate HIPAA laws. 

Fluorinated 5-hydroxytryptophans (F n -5HOWs) were synthesized in gram scale quantities and incorporated into a β-hairpin peptide and the protein azurin. The redox-active F n -5HOWs exhibit unique radical spectroscopic signatures that expand the function of 5HOW as probes for biological electron transfer. 

Trans-Beringia taxa often present complex puzzles for taxonomists, a reflection of differing traditions and opinions, taxonomic approaches, and access to material from both sides of the Bering Strait. There is wide biological variation in perceived or circumscribed taxa whose populations are widespread within the regions and yet biogeographically isolated in Asia and/or America. The Claytonia arctica complex is one such example; it illustrates these issues well and has been dealt with by North American and Russian botanists in decidedly different ways. We reviewed specimens and examined the various taxonomic concepts of C. arctica through time and source publications. The relationships (alignments) among taxonomic concepts are presented in a graphical format. We found that much of the confusion related to C. arctica in Beringia stems from overlookingC. scammaniana Hultén sensu Hultén (1939), and placing too much emphasis on the woody caudex and perennation structures, during the creation of two taxonomic concepts: C. arctica Adams sensu Porsild and C. porsildii Jurtzev sensu Yurtsev. The C. arctica complex (in our current sense) is an evolutionary work in progress, resulting in partially differentiated races with much overlapping variability and intergradation of characters (particularly in C. scammaniana according to our current sense) that have not reached the level of stability (i.e., individuals may still intergrade freely) usually associated with the concept of species in other arctic lineages.